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A variety of objective means exist to empirically measure biodiversity. Each measure relates to a particular use of the data, and is likely to be associated with the variety of genes. Biodiversity is commonly measured in terms of taxonomic richness of a geographic area over a time interval. In order to calculate biodiversity, species evenness ...
Consequently, some macroecological and community patterns cannot be fully expressed by alpha and beta diversity. Due to these two reasons, a new way of measuring species turnover, coined Zeta diversity (ζ-diversity), [ 12 ] has been proposed and used to connect all existing incidence-based biodiversity patterns.
The concept is partly based on the earlier Essential Climate Variables. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It can be generalised as the minimum set of variables for describing and predicting a system's state and dynamics. Areas with more developed EV lists include climate, ocean, and biodiversity.
Species richness, or biodiversity, increases from the poles to the tropics for a wide variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, often referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient. [1] The latitudinal diversity gradient is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. [1] It has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. [2]
Species abundance patterns can be best visualized in the form of relative abundance distribution plots. The consistency of relative species abundance patterns suggests that some common macroecological "rule" or process determines the distribution of individuals among species within a trophic level.
SAD is a measurement of how common, or rare species are within an ecosystem. [5] This allows researchers to assess how different species are distributed throughout an ecosystem. SAD is one of the most basic measurements in ecology and is used very often, therefore many different methods of measurement and analysis have developed.
In contrast to these "mechanistic" explanations, others assert the need to test whether the pattern is simply the result of a random sampling process. [7] Species–area relationships are often evaluated in conservation science in order to predict extinction rates in the case of habitat loss and habitat fragmentation .
Hubbell built on earlier neutral models, including Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson's theory of island biogeography [1] and Stephen Jay Gould's concepts of symmetry and null models. [7] An "ecological community" is a group of trophically similar, sympatric species that actually or potentially compete in a local area for the same or similar ...