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Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term used for a group of pregnancy-related tumours. [1] These tumours are rare, and they appear when cells in the womb start to proliferate uncontrollably. The cells that form gestational trophoblastic tumours are called trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to form the placenta during pregnancy.
Gestational choriocarcinoma is a form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, which is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), that can occur during pregnancy. It is a rare disease where the trophoblast , a layer of cells surrounding the blastocyst , undergoes abnormal developments, leading to trophoblastic tumors .
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) is group of rare diseases related to pregnancy and included in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow in the uterus. [1] GTN can be classified into benign and malignant lesions.
Choriocarcinoma is a malignant, trophoblastic [1] cancer, usually of the placenta. It is characterized by early hematogenous spread to the lungs. It belongs to the malignant end of the spectrum in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD). It is also classified as a germ cell tumor and may arise in the testis or ovary.
Epithelioid trophoblastic tumors (ETTs) are resistant to chemotherapy, but an immunotherapy drug called dostarlimab treats gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. ETT is a form of GTN. Stage I disease is treated with hysterectomy, while metastatic disease is treated with surgery and chemotherapy. [2]
Gestational trophoblastic disease [100] Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome [116] Hyperemesis gravidarum [117] Acute fatty liver of pregnancy [118] Gestational diabetes [100] Hemoglobinopathies [119] Postpartum thyroiditis [120] Postpartum depression [121] Hyperpigmentation [122] Hair growth changes [100] Herpes gestationitis [123]
It falls under the category of gestational trophoblastic diseases. [1] During a molar pregnancy, the uterus contains a growing mass characterized by swollen chorionic villi, resembling clusters of grapes. [2] The occurrence of a molar pregnancy can be attributed to the fertilized egg lacking an original maternal nucleus.
Theca lutein cysts are associated with gestational trophoblastic disease (molar pregnancy), choriocarcinomas, and multiple gestations. [4] [5] In some cases, these cysts may also be associated with diabetes mellitus and alloimmunisation to Rh-D. They have rarely been associated with chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism. [6]