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In human blood plasma, the reference range of uric acid is typically 3.4–7.2 mg per 100 mL(200–430 μmol/L) for men, and 2.4–6.1 mg per 100 mL for women (140–360 μmol/L). [34] Uric acid concentrations in blood plasma above and below the normal range are known as, respectively, hyperuricemia and hypouricemia .
Some drugs, such as sulfonamides, may form crystals when excreted in the urine, and ammonium biurate crystals commonly occur in aged samples. [ 124 ] The presence of crystals in the urine has conventionally been associated with the formation of kidney stones , and crystalluria is more common in people with kidney stones than those without.
Biuret is also used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed, [5] where it is converted into protein by gut microorganisms. [6] It is less favored than urea, due to its higher cost and lower digestibility [7] but the latter characteristic also slows down its digestion and so decreases the risk of ammonia toxicity.
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is a phosphate mineral with formula: NH 4 MgPO 4 ·6H 2 O. Struvite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system as white to yellowish or brownish-white pyramidal crystals or in platy mica-like forms. It is a soft mineral with Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and has a low specific gravity of 1.7. It is sparingly ...
It is left behind in the residues after extracting the urea from dried urine crystals with alcohol. In the mineral form, microcosmic salt is called stercorite . Its name was coined in Latin ( sal microcosmicum ) by Paracelsus in the 16th century, but it was also referenced by Pseudo-Geber in the late Middle Ages; another alchemical name for it ...
The structure of the molecule of urea is O=C(−NH 2) 2.The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of sp 2 hybridization of the N orbitals. [8] [9] It is non-planar with C 2 symmetry when in the gas phase [10] or in aqueous solution, [9] with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the trigonal planar angle of 120° and the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°.
They are typically light brown with dark patches and are usually formed in the urinary bladder and rarely in the upper urinary tract. Their appearance on plain radiographs and computed tomography in human patients is usually easily recognizable. Jackstones often must be removed via cystolithotomy. [10]
Boussingaultite is a rare ammonium magnesium hydrated sulfate mineral of the chemical formula: (NH 4) 2 Mg(SO 4) 2 · 6 H 2 O. The formula of boussingaultite is that of Tutton's salts type. It was originally described from geothermal fields in Tuscany , Italy , where it occurs together with its iron analogue mohrite , [ 5 ] but is more commonly ...