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Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
Pages in category "Unsolved problems in number theory" The following 106 pages are in this category, out of 106 total. This list may not reflect recent changes .
Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."
Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than 4 × 10 18 but remains unproven despite considerable effort.
Traditionally, number theory is the branch of mathematics concerned with the properties of integers and many of its open problems are easily understood even by non-mathematicians. More generally, the field has come to be concerned with a wider class of problems that arise naturally from the study of integers.
It is an open problem in the field of number theory and is widely recognized as one of the most challenging mathematical problems. It is named after mathematicians Bryan John Birch and Peter Swinnerton-Dyer , who developed the conjecture during the first half of the 1960s with the help of machine computation.
The result has caught the imagination of most mathematicians because it is so unexpected, connecting two seemingly unrelated areas in mathematics; namely, number theory, which is the study of the discrete, and complex analysis, which deals with continuous processes.
Also in 1934, Heilbronn and Edward Linfoot showed that there were at most 10 imaginary quadratic number fields with class number 1 (the 9 known ones, and at most one further). The result was ineffective (see effective results in number theory ): it did not give bounds on the size of the remaining field.
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