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The hydroxyl radical, Lewis structure shown, contains one unpaired electron. Lewis dot structure of a Hydroxide ion compared to a hydroxyl radical. In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
The symbol was first seen in print without the vinculum (the horizontal "bar" over the numbers inside the radical symbol) in the year 1525 in Die Coss by Christoff Rudolff, a German mathematician. In 1637 Descartes was the first to unite the German radical sign √ with the vinculum to create the radical symbol in common use today. [3]
Radical expression involving roots, also known as an nth root; Radical symbol (√), used to indicate the square root and other roots; Radical of an algebraic group, a concept in algebraic group theory; Radical of an ideal, an important concept in abstract algebra; Radical of a ring, an ideal of "bad" elements of a ring
Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds.The theory was pioneered by Justus von Liebig, Friedrich Wöhler and Auguste Laurent around 1830 and is not related to the modern understanding of free radicals.
The hydroxyl radical, • HO, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (HO –). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry .
Square roots of negative numbers can be discussed within the framework of complex numbers. More generally, square roots can be considered in any context in which a notion of the "square" of a mathematical object is defined. These include function spaces and square matrices, among other mathematical structures.
Distribution of the number of entries per radical in the Kangxi Dictionary. The Kangxi dictionary lists a total of 47,035 characters divided among the 214 radicals, for an average of 220 characters per radical; however, the distribution is unequal, with the median number of characters per radical being 64, the maximum number being 1,902 (for radical 140 艸), and the minimum being 5 (for ...
The French Radical Party (1937–1938) was a similar small anti-communist splinter, led by André Grisoni. These two small groups merged in 1938 as the short-lived Independent Radical Party, which was itself restored after the Second World War and was a founding organisation of the Alliance of Left Republicans.