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A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a typically conical volcano built up by many alternating layers of hardened lava and tephra. [1] Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and explosive eruptions. [2] Some have collapsed summit craters called calderas. [3]
Mayon Volcano in Albay, The most active volcano in the Philippines, famous for its perfect symmetrical cone shape. Mount Pinatubo in Zambales. The catastrophic June 1991 eruption, which formed a caldera, later filled by a crater lake, had global environmental effects. Mount Bulusan in Sorsogon; Mount Kanlaon and Mount Talinis in Negros
The typical stratocone is an andesitic to dacitic volcano that is associated with subduction zones. They are also known as either stratified volcano, composite cone, bedded volcano, cone of mixed type or Vesuvian-type volcano. [1] [2]
They are also known as composite volcanoes because they are created from multiple structures during different kinds of eruptions; the main conduit bringing magma to the surface branches into multiple secondary conduits and occasional laccoliths or sills, the branching conduits may form parasitic cones on the flanks of the main cone. [2]
Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in elevation, and the two highest, Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta, exceed 14,000 feet (4,300 m). By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of Medicine Lake Volcano and Newberry Volcano, which are about 145 and 108 cubic miles (600 and 450 km 3) respectively.
A complex volcano, also called a compound volcano or a volcanic complex, is a mixed landform consisting of related volcanic centers and their associated lava flows and pyroclastic rock. [1] They may form due to changes in eruptive habit or in the location of the principal vent area on a particular volcano. [ 2 ]
The most important types of volcanic mountain are composite cones or stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes. [10] [11] A shield volcano has a gently sloping cone because of the low viscosity of the emitted material, primarily basalt. Mauna Loa is the classic example, with a slope of 4°-6°.
Volcanoes known to have Surtseyan activity include: Surtsey, Iceland. The volcano built itself up from depth and emerged above the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Iceland in 1963. Initial hydrovolcanics were highly explosive, but as the volcano grew, rising lava interacted less with water and more with air, until finally Surtseyan activity ...