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Nuchal fold thickness is measured towards the end of the second trimester. As nuchal translucency size increases, the chances of a chromosomal abnormality and mortality increase; 65% of the largest translucencies (>6.5mm) are due to chromosomal abnormality, while fatality is 19% at this size. [2]
The nuchal fascia is a fascia covering the autochthonous musculature of the neck as a part of the cervical fascia.It proceeds the thoracolumbar fascia to the top (cranial). ). The fascia itself is made of two parts: A superficial layer (lat.: Fascia nuchae superficialis) and a deeper layer that is located among the Trapezius muscle and that sheaths the deeper cervical musculature from dorsal s
From the anterior border of the nuchal ligament, a fibrous lamina is given off. This is attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas, and to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, and forms a septum between the muscles on either side of the neck. The trapezius and splenius capitis muscle attach to the nuchal ligament.
Benacerraf pioneered the field of "genetic sonography" [3] with her discovery that nuchal fold thickness–the distance between the occipital bone and the surface of the overlying skin at back of the neck–was a reliable metric for second-trimester diagnosis of Down syndrome.
A nuchal cord was diagnosed if the cord was visualized lying around at least 3 of the 4 sides of the neck. A cord was actually present at delivery in 52 of the 289 women. Only 18 of the 52 cords or 35% of the nuchal cords were detected on ultrasound done immediately before delivery, and 65% of nuchal cords were not detected.
The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone: The upper, often faintly marked, is named the highest nuchal line, but is sometimes referred to as the Mempin line or linea suprema, and it attaches to the epicranial aponeurosis. Below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line.
T4. Nuchal fold (T01d). A nuchal fold is forming in the rhombencephalic region. [11] Standard Event System character depiction: U. Eyelids (A01). U1. Lower lid appears (A01a). First occurrence of the lower eyelid. This should not be confused with the remainder of the maxillary process that fused with the frontonasal process. [1]
Many patients are diagnosed prenatally due to fetal factors (increased nuchal fold, or abnormal levels of serum), maternal age or abnormal ultrasounds, while others will be diagnosed postnatal due to external genital malformation. [2]