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In chemistry, orbital hybridisation (or hybridization) is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a laboratory method used to detect and locate a DNA sequence, often on a particular chromosome. [4]In the 1960s, researchers Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue found that molecular hybridization could be used to identify the position of DNA sequences in situ (i.e., in their natural positions within a chromosome).
In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bond formation when the molecular geometry deviates ...
Shape of water molecule showing that the real bond angle 104.5° deviates from the ideal sp 3 angle of 109.5°. In chemistry, Bent's rule describes and explains the relationship between the orbital hybridization and the electronegativities of substituents. [1] [2] The rule was stated by Henry A. Bent as follows: [2]
For example, the carbon in methane (CH 4) undergoes sp 3 hybridization to form four equivalent orbitals, resulting in a tetrahedral shape. Different types of hybridization, such as sp, sp 2, and sp 3, correspond to specific molecular geometries (linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral), influencing the bond angles observed in molecules. Hybrid ...
In chemical bonds, an orbital overlap is the concentration of orbitals on adjacent atoms in the same regions of space. Orbital overlap can lead to bond formation. Linus Pauling explained the importance of orbital overlap in the molecular bond angles observed through experimentation; it is the basis for orbital hybridization.
In genomics, DNA–DNA hybridization is a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between DNA sequences. It is used to determine the genetic distance between two organisms and has been used extensively in phylogeny and taxonomy .
Hybridization (or hybridisation) may refer to: Hybridization (biology) , the process of combining different varieties of organisms to create a hybrid Orbital hybridization , in chemistry, the mixing of atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals