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The Thirty Years' War, [j] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [19]
Europe had been battered by both the Thirty Years' War and the overlapping Eighty Years' War (begun c. 1568), exacting a heavy toll in money and lives. The Eighty Years' War was a prolonged struggle for the independence of the Protestant-majority Dutch Republic (the modern Netherlands), supported by Protestant-majority England, against Catholic-dominated Spain and Portugal.
Treaty-making between various Native American governments and the United States officially concluded on March 3, 1871 with the passing of the United States Code Title 25, Chapter 3, Subchapter 1, Section 71 (25 U.S.C. § 71). Pre-existing treaties were grandfathered, and further agreements were made under domestic law.
The peace treaties put an end to the Thirty Years' War, a war of religion that devastated Germany and killed 30% of its population. Since neither the Catholics nor the Protestants had won a clear victory, the peace settlement established a status quo order in which states would refrain from interfering in each other's religious practices. [ 8 ]
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The Peace of Prague [c], dated 30 May 1635 Old Style, was a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War.Signed by John George I, Elector of Saxony, and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, the terms ended Saxony's support for the anti-Imperial coalition led by Sweden.
Treaty with the United States as signatory to aid the wounded. [78]:p. 7: 1866 Peace of Prague (1866) Ends Austro-Prussian War. 1867 Alaska Purchase: The United States buys Alaska from Russia. Medicine Lodge Treaty: Negotiations between the United States and Native Americans. Treaty of London (1867) [note 18]
The Thirty Years' Peace was a treaty signed between the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta in 446/445 BC. The treaty brought an end to the conflict commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War , which had been raging since c. 460 BC.