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CTOPP - 2 is a test which is administered to children as young as 5 years old to children at the age of 24 years. This test uses phonological words to assess the phonological ability of children and how well they are doing in comparison to their peers. [10] This test consists of phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid reading. [10]
The role of perception in the phonological performance of children is that their lexical representation of the adult form is first passed through the child's perceptual filter. Meaning that the adult pronunciation, or surface form, is not necessarily the form that is being affected by the child's phonological rules.
At points where two sounds share an intersection, the left is unrounded, and the right is rounded which refers to the shape of the lips while making the sound. [4] For example, [i] and [y] at the top left corner are such a pair.
Phonological awareness is one component of a larger phonological processing system used for speaking and listening. [8] [9] [10] Phonological awareness is different from other phonological abilities in that it is a metalinguistic skill, requiring conscious awareness and reflection on the structure of language.
Co-articulated consonants are sounds that involve two simultaneous places of articulation (are pronounced using two parts of the vocal tract). In English, the [w] in "went" is a coarticulated consonant, being pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue. Similar sounds are [ʍ] and [ɥ].
A phonological phrase can contain between four and seven syllables, and can be detected by infants, due to the fact that the edges of the phrases are either strengthened or lengthened. [9] Various studies have been done to test if prosody helps with acquisition of syntax, morphology, and phonology. [6] [10] [11] [12]
The earliest work on pronunciation assessment avoided measuring genuine listener intelligibility, [10] a shortcoming corrected in 2011 at the Toyohashi University of Technology, [11] and included in the Versant high-stakes English fluency assessment from Pearson [12] and mobile apps from 17zuoye Education & Technology, [13] but still missing in 2023 products from Google Search, [14] Microsoft ...
Criticism of LLI and the Fountas and Pinnell reading levels have focused on three main issues: the amount and sequencing of phonics instruction in the series; the research evidence for the program's effectiveness; and the program's underlying model of reading.