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Recurrent miscarriage or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the spontaneous loss of 2-3 pregnancies that is estimated to affect up to 5% of women. The exact number of pregnancy losses and gestational weeks used to define RPL differs among medical societies. [ 1 ]
Immunisation of mothers against male-specific minor histocompatibility (H-Y) antigens has a pathogenic role in many cases of secondary recurrent miscarriage, that is, recurrent miscarriage in pregnancies succeeding a previous live birth. An example of this effect is that the male:female ratio of children born prior and subsequent to secondary ...
[1] [4] Miscarriage before 6 weeks of gestation is defined as biochemical loss by ESHRE. [13] [14] Once ultrasound or histological evidence shows that a pregnancy has existed, the term used is clinical miscarriage, which can be "early" (before 12 weeks) or "late" (between 12 and 21 weeks). [13]
As many as 25 percent of pregnancies end in miscarriage. About 1 percent of women suffer from three or more in a row, which is the definition of a recurrent miscarriage.
It has been estimated that cervical insufficiency complicates about 1% of pregnancies, and that it is a cause in about 8% of women with second trimester recurrent miscarriages. [2] A sign of cervical weakness is funneling at the internal orifice of the uterus, which is a dilation of the cervical canal at this location. [3]
[4] [1] Some data suggest that men and women can be affected up to 15 years after the loss. [5] Though recognized as a public health problem, studies investigating the mental health status of women following miscarriage are still lacking. [5] Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop in women who have experienced a miscarriage.
The prevalence of uterine malformation is estimated to be 6.7% in the general population, slightly higher (7.3%) in the infertility population, and significantly higher in a population of women with a history of recurrent miscarriages (16%).
Dilation (or dilatation) and curettage (D&C) refers to the dilation (widening or opening) of the cervix and surgical removal of sections and/or layers of the lining of the uterus and or contents of the uterus such as an unwanted fetus (early abortion before 13 weeks), remains of a non-viable fetus, retained placenta after birth or abortion as well as any abnormal tissue which may be in the ...