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Print/export Download as PDF; ... Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more ... Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content 1230 [2] 2246
Cold forging can occur at room temperatures. The most forgeable materials are aluminum, [5] copper, and magnesium. Lower ratings are applied to the various steels, nickel, and titanium alloys. Hot forging temperatures range from 93 to 1,650 °C (199 to 3,002 °F) for refractory metals. [6] [7]
As a result of the transformation, the microconstituents, pearlite and bainite, form; pearlite forms at higher temperatures and bainite at lower. TTT diagram of isothermal transformations of a hypoeutectoid carbon steel; showing the main components obtained when cooling the steel and its relation with the Fe-C phase diagram of carbon steels.
Most ancient forge-welding began with hypereutectoid steel, containing a carbon content sometimes well above 1.0%. Hypereutectoid steels are typically too brittle to be useful in a finished product, but by the end of forging the steel typically had a high carbon-content ranging from 0.8% (eutectoid tool-steel) to 0.5% (hypoeutectoid spring-steel).
This technique is commonly used for forging aluminium, which has a lower forging temperature than steels. Forging temperatures for aluminum are around 430 °C (806 °F), while steels and super alloys can be 930 to 1,260 °C (1,710 to 2,300 °F). Benefits: Near net shapes which lead to lower machining requirements and therefore lower scrap rates
Steel with a high carbon content will reach a much harder state than steel with a low carbon content. Likewise, tempering high-carbon steel to a certain temperature will produce steel that is considerably harder than low-carbon steel that is tempered at the same temperature. The amount of time held at the tempering temperature also has an effect.
W-grade steel is essentially high carbon plain-carbon steel. This group of tool steel is the most commonly used tool steel because of its low cost compared to others. They work well for parts and applications where high temperatures are not encountered; above 150 °C (300 °F) it begins to soften to a noticeable degree.
A higher homologous temperature results in an exponentially higher rate of diffusion dependent deformation. [1] Additionally, for a given fixed homologous temperature, two materials with different melting points would have similar diffusion-dependent deformation behaviour.