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In mathematics, the tombstone, halmos, end-of-proof, or Q.E.D. symbol "∎" (or " ") is a symbol used to denote the end of a proof, in place of the traditional abbreviation "Q.E.D." for the Latin phrase "quod erat demonstrandum". It is inspired by the typographic practice of end marks, an element that marks the end of an article. [1] [2]
The tombstone symbol appears in TeX as the character (filled square, \blacksquare) and sometimes, as a (hollow square, \square or \Box). [19] In the AMS Theorem Environment for LaTeX, the hollow square is the default end-of-proof symbol. Unicode explicitly provides the "end of proof" character, U+220E (∎). Some authors use other Unicode ...
Symbol Name Symbol(s) Meaning Example of Use Dele: Delete: Pilcrow (Unicode U+00B6) ¶ Begin new paragraph: Pilcrow (Unicode U+00B6) ¶ no: Remove paragraph break: Caret [a] (Unicode U+2038, 2041, 2380) ‸ or ⁁ or ⎀ Insert # Insert space: Close up (Unicode U+2050) ⁐ Tie words together, eliminating a space: I was reading the news⁐paper ...
A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a ... Used for marking the end of a proof and separating it from the current ...
Proofs employ logic expressed in mathematical symbols, ... Sometimes, the abbreviation "Q.E.D." is written to indicate the end of a proof.
Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.
In these memoirs, Halmos claims to have invented the "iff" notation for the words "if and only if" and to have been the first to use the "tombstone" notation to signify the end of a proof, [7] and this is generally agreed to be the case. The tombstone symbol ∎ (Unicode U+220E) is sometimes called a halmos. [8]
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.