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Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation , insulator activity, V(D)J recombination [ 7 ] and regulation of chromatin architecture.
The average size of a topologically associating domain (TAD) is 1000 kb in humans, 880 kb in mouse cells, and 140 kb in fruit flies. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Boundaries at both side of these domains are conserved between different mammalian cell types and even across species [ 2 ] and are highly enriched with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cohesin . [ 1 ]
Two of these cell cycle regulation genes that are known to interact with CTCF are hTERT and C-MYC. In these cases, a loss of function mutation to the CTCF insulator gene changes the expression patterns and may affect the interplay between cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis and lead to tumourigenesis or other problems. [2]
Insulated neighborhoods are loops formed by the interaction of CTCF/cohesin-bound anchors containing genes and their regulatory elements. In mammalian biology , insulated neighborhoods are chromosomal loop structures formed by the physical interaction of two DNA loci bound by the transcription factor CTCF and co-occupied by cohesin . [ 1 ]
In 2013, Takashi Nagano and Peter Fraser introduced in-nuclei ligation for Hi-C and single-cell Hi-C. [26] In 2014, Suhas Rao, Miriam Huntley, et al. developed in-situ Hi-C and the use of 4-cutter restriction enzymes, and released the first high-resolution datasets down to kilobase resolution for several human cell lines.
Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, [11] using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs.
To calculate the transformation efficiency, divide the number of colonies by the number of cells plated and multiply by 100. The result will be the transformation efficiency as a percentage. For example, if you plate 1x 10 7 cells and count 1000 colonies, the transformation efficiency is: (1000/1x 10 7) x 100 = 0.1%
Image showing trophoblast differentiated into the two layers of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation. It is the outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, during implantation, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material ...
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