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Asad Ali Abidi developed RF CMOS technology at UCLA during the late 1980s to early 1990s.. Pakistani engineer Asad Ali Abidi, while working at Bell Labs and then UCLA during the 1980s–1990s, pioneered radio research in metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology and made seminal contributions to radio architecture based on complementary MOS (CMOS) switched-capacitor (SC) technology. [13]
CMOS inverter (a NOT logic gate). Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss ", / s iː m ɑː s /, /-ɒ s /) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. [1]
Transistors are still used in today's radios, though the integrated circuit containing a large number of transistors has surpassed the use of singly packed transistors for the majority of radio circuitry. Transistor radios appeared on the market in 1954, but at a high price.
In high performance CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) amplifier circuits, transistors are not only used to amplify the signal but are also used as active loads to achieve higher gain and output swing in comparison with resistive loads. [1] [2] [3] CMOS technology was introduced primarily for digital circuit design.
This made Sony the first company to produce commercial transistor radios from the ground up. American company Regency had launched their Regency TR-1 transistor radio earlier in 1954, but bought the transistors from Texas Instruments. Printed circuit boards were used, which was unusual for the time. [6] [8] [3]
These op amps were effectively small circuit boards with packages such as edge connectors. They usually had hand-selected resistors in order to improve things such as voltage offset and drift. The P45 (1961) had a gain of 94 dB and ran on ±15 V rails. It was intended to deal with signals in the range of ±10 V. 1961: A varactor bridge op amp.
English: Transistor-level schematic for a 741 op-amp, color coded and labeled. Dotted lines outline: current mirrors (red); differential amplifier (blue); class A gain stage (magenta); voltage level shifter (green); output stage (cyan).
TR-1, circuit board and casing. Exhibit of Deutsches Museum , Munich. 22.5 Volt battery used in the Regency TR-1 (AA battery for comparison shown on left) The TR-1 is a superheterodyne receiver [ 2 ] [ 11 ] with four n-p-n germanium transistors and one diode.
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