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In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. [1] [2] Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles. Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge
The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon, three weak bosons and eight gluons. Gauge theories are also important in explaining gravitation in the theory of general relativity .
In the case of electromagnetism, the particle corresponding to electromagnetic waves is the photon. In general, such particles are called gauge bosons, where the term "boson" refers to a particle with integer spin. In the simplest versions of the theory gauge bosons are massless, but it is also possible to construct versions in which they have ...
The elementary bosons comprise the gauge bosons (photon, W and Z, gluons) with spin 1, while the Higgs boson is the only elementary particle with spin zero. The hypothetical graviton is required theoretically to have spin 2, but is not part of the Standard Model.
The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson. The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent; [ 1 ] however, despite having huge and continued successes in providing experimental predictions, it does leave some unexplained ...
Photons, W bosons, and Z bosons, excitations of the electroweak gauge fields. Higgs bosons , excitations of one component of the Higgs field , which gives mass to fundamental particles. In addition, composite particles such as mesons , as well as quasiparticles , can be described as excitations of an effective field .
The gauge bosons are defined as force carriers, as they are responsible for mediating the fundamental interactions. The Standard Model explains the four fundamental forces as arising from the interactions, with fermions exchanging virtual force carrier particles, thus mediating the forces.
Pages in category "Gauge bosons" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...