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2. Bowditch effect - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowditch_effect

   The underlying cause of the Bowditch effect is an increase in the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle cells, and its increased release into sarcoplasm. [ 3 ] One of the explanations for an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration is the inability of the Na + /K + -ATPase to keep up with influx of ...

3. Pathophysiology of heart failure - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_heart...

   The main pathophysiology of heart failure is a reduction in the efficiency of the heart muscle, through damage or overloading. As such, it can be caused by a wide number of conditions, including myocardial infarction (in which the heart muscle is starved of oxygen and dies), hypertension (which increases the force of contraction needed to pump blood) and cardiac amyloidosis (in which misfolded ...

4. Atrial fibrillation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation

   Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. [3] [12] It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia. [14] Atrial fibrillation frequently results from bursts of tachycardia that originate in muscle bundles extending from the atrium to the pulmonary veins. [15]

5. Afterdepolarization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterdepolarization

   They are due to elevated cytosolic calcium concentrations, classically seen with digoxin toxicity. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The overload of the sarcoplasmic reticulum may cause spontaneous Ca 2+ release after repolarization, causing the released Ca 2+ to exit the cell through the 3Na + /Ca 2+ -exchanger.

6. Ventricular remodeling - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling

   This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodeling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodeling). [2] The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction (usually transmural or ST segment elevation infarction), but may be from a number of causes that result in increased pressure or volume , causing ...

7. Cardiac fibrosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_fibrosis

   Cardiac fibrosis commonly refers to the excess deposition of extracellular matrix in the cardiac muscle, but the term may also refer to an abnormal thickening of the heart valves due to inappropriate proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. [1] Fibrotic cardiac muscle is stiffer and less compliant and is seen in the progression to heart failure.

8. Coronary ischemia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_ischemia

   Coronary arteries deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. [5] Reduced blood flow to the heart associated with coronary ischemia can result in inadequate oxygen supply to the heart muscle. [6] When oxygen supply to the heart is unable to keep up with oxygen demand from the muscle, the result is the characteristic symptoms of coronary ...

9. Hypercalcaemia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemia

   The neuromuscular symptoms of hypercalcaemia are caused by a negative bathmotropic effect due to the increased interaction of calcium with sodium channels. Since calcium blocks sodium channels and inhibits depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers, increased calcium raises the threshold for depolarization. [5]