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Examples include lichen planus, lichen sclerosus and lichen nitidus. It can also be associated with abrasion or drug use. [2] It has been observed in conjunction with the use of proton pump inhibitors, and might be a sign and/or symptom of lupus such as subacute cutaneous lupus erythematous, according to the case reports and reviews. [3] [4] [5 ...
Lobaria pulmonaria is a large epiphytic lichen consisting of an ascomycete fungus and a green algal partner living together in a symbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium—a symbiosis involving members of three kingdoms of organisms.
It has wide distribution, and many common names such as common orange lichen, yellow scale, [2] maritime sunburst lichen and shore lichen. It can be found near the shore on rocks or walls (hence the epithet parietina meaning "on walls"), [ 3 ] and also on inland rocks, walls, or tree bark. [ 4 ]
Lichen planus may be categorized as affecting mucosal or cutaneous surfaces.. Cutaneous forms are those affecting the skin, scalp, and nails. [10] [11] [12]Mucosal forms are those affecting the lining of the gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, anus), larynx, and other mucosal surfaces including the genitals, peritoneum, ears, nose, bladder and conjunctiva of the eyes.
BLVR was initially developed in the early 2000s [1] [2] as a minimally invasive treatment for severe COPD that is primarily caused by emphysema. BLVR evolved from earlier surgical approaches first developed in the 1950s [3] to reduce lung volume by removing damaged portions of the lungs via pneumonectomy or wedge resection.
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of unknown cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva), and is also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans when it affects the penis.
Unlike a foliose lichen, a fruticose lichen does not have a distinct upper and lower surface. [40] Instead, a cortex covers its entire surface, and the photobiont layer lies just below this, on all sides of the lichen's branches. [34] The centre of a fruticose lichen's branches varies depending on the genus involved. In most, the centre is hollow.
Lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) is thick leathery skin with exaggerated skin markings caused by sudden itching and excessive rubbing and scratching. [1] It generally results in small bumps, patches, scratch marks and scale. [1] It typically affects the neck, scalp, upper eyelids, ears, palms, soles, ankles, wrists, genital areas and bottom. [1]