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Struvite kidney stones are also known as triple phosphate stones (calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate), owing to the presence of carbonate apatite that precipitates to accompany struvite at high pH. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Struvite and carbonate apatite precipitate in alkaline urine , forming kidney stones.
A kidney stone is a hard object, which can be as small as a grain of salt or as big as a golf ball, made from chemicals—calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine—found in our urine.
Kidney stones can result from an underlying metabolic condition, such as distal renal tubular acidosis, [21] Dent's disease, [22] hyperparathyroidism, [23] primary hyperoxaluria, [24] or medullary sponge kidney. 3–20% of people who form kidney stones have medullary sponge kidney. [25] [26]
Human gallstones, all removed from one patient. Grid scale 1 mm. Calculi in the inner ear are called otoliths; Calculi in the urinary system are called urinary calculi and include kidney stones (also called renal calculi or nephroliths) and bladder stones (also called vesical calculi or cystoliths).
One method is lithotripsy, which breaks up kidney stones, can be done two ways: shock wave lithotripsy uses sound waves to crack and break the stone up, while laser lithotripsy does the same with ...
While nephrite jade possesses mainly grays and greens (and occasionally yellows, browns, black or whites), jadeite jade, which is rarer, can also contain blacks, reds, pinks and violets. Nephrite jade is an ornamental stone used in carvings, beads, or cabochon cut gemstones. Nephrite is also the official state mineral of Wyoming.
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