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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate [2] that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis. Found in all known forms of life, it is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" for intracellular energy transfer. [3]
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to produce large amounts of energy and drive the bulk production of ATP. Anaerobic respiration is used by microorganisms, either bacteria or archaea, in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor ...
d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...
E. coli ATP synthase is the simplest known form of ATP synthase, with 8 different subunit types. [11] Bacterial F-ATPases can occasionally operate in reverse, turning them into an ATPase. [26] Some bacteria have no F-ATPase, using an A/V-type ATPase bidirectionally. [9]
In purple bacteria, NADH is formed by reverse electron flow due to the lower chemical potential of this reaction center. In all cases, however, a proton motive force is generated and used to drive ATP production via an ATPase. Most photosynthetic microbes are autotrophic, fixing carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle.
One stalk is utilized to transmit torque. [13] The number of peripheral stalks is dependent on the type of ATPase: F-ATPases have one, A-ATPases have two, and V-ATPases have three. The F 1 catalytic domain is located on the N-side of the membrane and is involved in the synthesis and degradation of ATP and is involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
The energy stored in this potential is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation in the eukaryotic mitochondrion is the best-understood example of this process. The mitochondrion is present in almost all eukaryotes, with the exception of anaerobic protozoa such as Trichomonas vaginalis that instead reduce protons to ...
Both the structure of ATP synthase and its underlying gene are remarkably similar in all known forms of life. ATP synthase is powered by a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, usually in the form of a proton gradient. In all living organisms, a series of redox reactions is used to produce a transmembrane electrochemical potential ...