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Endodontics encompasses the study (practice) of the basic and clinical sciences of normal dental pulp, the etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the dental pulp along with associated periradicular conditions.
Root canal treatment (also known as endodontic therapy, endodontic treatment, or root canal therapy) is a treatment sequence for the infected pulp of a tooth that is intended to result in the elimination of infection and the protection of the decontaminated tooth from future microbial invasion.
Periapical granuloma, [1] also sometimes referred to as a radicular granuloma or apical granuloma, is an inflammation at the tip of a dead (nonvital) tooth. It is a lesion or mass that typically starts out as an epithelial lined cyst, and undergoes an inward curvature that results in inflammation of granulation tissue at the root tips of a dead tooth.
Periradicular surgery should be very considered where previous endodontic treatment has failed, and possible re-root treatment is the preferred option. [4] If re-root treatment is not possible, will not correct the problem or patient factors prevent it, periradicular surgery is indicated.
The primary concern in regenerative endodontics is to promote healing of the diseased tissues, prevention of relapse or recurrence of the disease, and patient well-being (patient centered). Thus, the primary therapeutic goal of regenerative endodontic procedures is to promote the healing, survival and function of the tooth.
A root end surgery, also known as apicoectomy (apico-+ -ectomy), apicectomy (apic-+ -ectomy), retrograde root canal treatment (c.f. orthograde root canal treatment) or root-end filling, is an endodontic surgical procedure whereby a tooth's root tip is removed and a root end cavity is prepared and filled with a biocompatible material.
A common clinical sign associated with the histopathology will be varying levels of suppuration and purulence. [ 6 ] Following the spread of local inflammation, chemical mediators such as IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1 [ 7 ] are released from necrotic tissues leading to further inflammation and odema, which advances to total necrosis of the pulp.
In dentistry, the smear layer is a layer found on root canal walls after root canal instrumentation. It consists of microcrystalline and organic particle debris. It was first described in 1975 and research has been performed since then to evaluate its importance in bacteria penetration into the dentinal tubules and its effects on endodontic treatment.