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  2. Inclusion–exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion–exclusion...

    In the given example, there are 12 = 2(3!) permutations with property P 1, 6 = 3! permutations with property P 2 and no permutations have properties P 3 or P 4 as there are no restrictions for these two elements. The number of permutations satisfying the restrictions is thus: 4! − (12 + 6 + 0 + 0) + (4) = 24 − 18 + 4 = 10.

  3. Interval (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)

    The addition x + a on the number line. All numbers greater than x and less than x + a fall within that open interval.. In mathematics, a real interval is the set of all real numbers lying between two fixed endpoints with no "gaps".

  4. List of unsolved problems in mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    6 [6] Clay Mathematics Institute: 2000 Simon problems: 15 <12 [7] [8] Barry Simon: 2000 Unsolved Problems on Mathematics for the 21st Century [9] 22-Jair Minoro Abe, Shotaro Tanaka: 2001 DARPA's math challenges [10] [11] 23-DARPA: 2007 Erdős's problems [12] >934: 617: Paul Erdős: Over six decades of Erdős' career, from the 1930s to 1990s

  5. Surreal number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surreal_number

    A visualization of the surreal number tree. In mathematics, the surreal number system is a totally ordered proper class containing not only the real numbers but also infinite and infinitesimal numbers, respectively larger or smaller in absolute value than any positive real number.

  6. Complex number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

    A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i 2 = −1.

  7. Rhombus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombus

    A simple (non-self-intersecting) quadrilateral is a rhombus if and only if it is any one of the following: [6] [7] a parallelogram in which a diagonal bisects an interior angle; a parallelogram in which at least two consecutive sides are equal in length; a parallelogram in which the diagonals are perpendicular (an orthodiagonal parallelogram)

  8. Elliptic partial differential equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_partial...

    Even more generally, there is an important class of elliptic systems which consist of coupled partial differential equations for multiple 'unknown' functions. [6] For example, the Cauchy–Riemann equations from complex analysis can be viewed as a first-order elliptic system for a pair of two-variable functions.

  9. Discrete mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics

    [6] [7] Some high-school-level discrete mathematics textbooks have appeared as well. [8] At this level, discrete mathematics is sometimes seen as a preparatory course, like precalculus in this respect. [9] The Fulkerson Prize is awarded for outstanding papers in discrete mathematics.