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In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. [1] It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus —the study of the area beneath a curve.
Introduction to Calculus with Applications (with Gary M. Haggard, McGraw Hill, 1990) An Introduction to Differential Equations and Their Applications (McGraw Hill, 1994; Dover, 2006) Differential Equations and Linear Algebra (with James E. Hall, Jean Marie Mc Dill, and Beverly H. West, Prentice Hall, 2002) Paradoxes in Mathematics (Dover, 2014) [4]
Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", it has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus.
The resulting calculus, known as exterior calculus, allows for a natural, metric-independent generalization of Stokes' theorem, Gauss's theorem, and Green's theorem from vector calculus. If a differential k-form is thought of as measuring the flux through an infinitesimal k-parallelotope at each point of the manifold, then its exterior ...
The original text continues to be available as of 2008 from Macmillan and Co., but a 1998 update by Martin Gardner is available from St. Martin's Press which provides an introduction; three preliminary chapters explaining functions, limits, and derivatives; an appendix of recreational calculus problems; and notes for modern readers. [1]
Spivak acknowledged in the preface of the second edition that the work is arguably an introduction to mathematical analysis rather than a calculus textbook. [13] Another of his well-known textbooks is Calculus on Manifolds, [14] a concise (146 pages) but rigorous and modern treatment of multivariable calculus accessible to advanced undergraduates.
Šimerka's calculus text presented differential calculus without using the concepts of limits and continuity. His use of differentials is similar to the infinitesimal approach of 17th and 18th century mathematicians. The calculus text focused on explaining the basic knowledge and intuition to teach students to use mathematics in practical tasks ...
[a] [1] [2] [3] It is also the modern name for what used to be called the absolute differential calculus (the foundation of tensor calculus), tensor calculus or tensor analysis developed by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro in 1887–1896, and subsequently popularized in a paper written with his pupil Tullio Levi-Civita in 1900. [4]
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