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For these reasons, the Penn Museum has asserted that the bull head of the lyre is a representation of Utu/Shamash. [3] The head was made of a single piece of gold plating over a wooden core (now disintegrated) with gold plated ears and horns attached with small pegs. [4] The beard is made of carved lapis lazuli tesserae on a silver backing.
Below the head is a front panel made of shell inlay set into bitumen. [14] This panel depicts a figure holding onto a bull's horns above, and animals acting as humans below. The bull head itself likely represents the sun god Utu, who was thought to be able to descend into the underworld. [5] The lyre is held in the Penn Museum in Philadelphia.
The legs were attached and then more copper sheet covered the main body, with a different sheet for the bull's shoulders. These sheets were held in place by flat-headed nails along the back of the legs, the haunches and the stomach. The body's sheets overlapped the places where the legs had been attached. [3] Copper bolts attached the legs to ...
The ram's head and legs are layered in gold leaf which had been hammered against the wood and stuck to it with a thin wash of bitumen, while its ears are copper which are now green with verdigris. The horns and the fleece on its shoulders are of lapis lazuli , and the body's fleece is made of shell, attached to a thicker coat of bitumen.
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The leaves are native gold (70–90% pure) and created through a process of annealing and hammering a single sheet of gold. [7] By pounding the sheet in different directions, the craft-smith was able to outline the shape of the leaf and create the leaf's stem that is folded into tubes and connects to the strands of beads. [ 7 ]
The Penn Museum is an archaeology and anthropology museum at the University of Pennsylvania. It is located on Penn's campus in the University City neighborhood of Philadelphia, at the intersection of 33rd and South Streets. [ 1 ]
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