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The plating of the bull's head had collapsed and torn once the wooden core had deteriorated. The bitumen of the front panel had been pulverized, dislodging the shell inlay. Both were originally restored at the British Museum. When they arrived at the Penn Museum a new sound box was created, and painted by watercolorist M. L. Baker. [3]
Below the head is a front panel made of shell inlay set into bitumen. [14] This panel depicts a figure holding onto a bull's horns above, and animals acting as humans below. The bull head itself likely represents the sun god Utu, who was thought to be able to descend into the underworld. [5] The lyre is held in the Penn Museum in Philadelphia.
The ram's head and legs are layered in gold leaf which had been hammered against the wood and stuck to it with a thin wash of bitumen, while its ears are copper which are now green with verdigris. The horns and the fleece on its shoulders are of lapis lazuli , and the body's fleece is made of shell, attached to a thicker coat of bitumen.
Penn Museum's extensive collections fall into three main divisions: archaeology, the artifacts recovered from the past by excavation, ethnology, the objects and ideas collected from living peoples, and physical anthropology, the physical remains of humans and nonhuman primates. For curation and display, the items in the archaeology and ...
The leaves are native gold (70–90% pure) and created through a process of annealing and hammering a single sheet of gold. [7] By pounding the sheet in different directions, the craft-smith was able to outline the shape of the leaf and create the leaf's stem that is folded into tubes and connects to the strands of beads. [ 7 ]
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In a ritual closely associated with a drum described in an Akkadian text, [9] a bull was brought to the temple and offerings were made to Ea, god of music and wisdom. [10] [11] Various parts of the bull were burned with a torch during the ritual. [12] Twelve linens were placed on the ground, [13] and a bronze image of a god was placed on top of ...
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