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James Mallinson disagrees with the inclusion of supernatural accomplishments, and suggests that such fringe practices are far removed from the mainstream Yoga's goal as meditation-driven means to liberation in Indian religions. [65] A classic definition of yoga in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras 1.2 and 1.3, [19] [27] [66] [67] defines yoga as "the ...
Dhyāna (Sanskrit: ध्यान) in Hinduism means meditation [1] and contemplation. Dhyana is taken up in Yoga practices, and is a means to samadhi and self-knowledge. [2]The various concepts of dhyana and its practice originated in the Sramanic movement of ancient India, [3] [4] which started before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira), [5] [6] and the practice has been ...
[78] Hindu philosophy recognises many types of Yoga, such as rāja yoga, jñāna yoga, [79] karma yoga, bhakti yoga, tantra yoga, mantra yoga, laya yoga, and hatha yoga. [80] The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that jñāna (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha.
The Sanskrit noun योग yoga is derived from the root yuj (युज्) "to attach, join, harness, yoke" [7] (yoga is a cognate of the English word "yoke" [8]).According to Timothy Miller, the term yoga may designate various spiritual practices in Hindu traditions, translating it as "union" or "discipline". [2]
Hindu hatha yoga texts appear from the 11th century onward. Some of the early hatha yoga texts (11th-13th c.) describe methods to raise and conserve bindu (vital force, that is, semen, and in women rajas – menstrual fluid). This was seen as the physical essence of life that was constantly dripping down from the head and being lost. [3]
Karma yoga, bhakti yoga and jnana yoga can also be described as sadhana; constant efforts to achieve maximum level of perfection in all streams of day-to-day life can be described as Sadhana. [ 5 ] Sādhanā can also refer to a tantric liturgy or liturgical manual, that is, the instructions to carry out a certain practice.
In section 6.1, Yoga Vasistha introduces Yoga as follows, [100] Yoga is the utter transcendence of the mind and is of two types. Self-knowledge is one type, another is the restraint of the life-force of self limitations and psychological conditioning. Yoga has come to mean only the latter, yet both the methods lead to the same result.
Yoga as exercise's relationship to Hinduism is complex and contested; some Christians have rejected it on the grounds that it is covertly Hindu, while the "Take Back Yoga" campaign insisted that it was necessarily connected to Hinduism. Scholars have identified multiple trends in the changing nature of yoga since the end of the 19th century.