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An increase in neurotransmitters causes spasms to occur in the neck, resulting in spasmodic torticollis. [6] Studies of local field potentials have also shown an increase of 4–10 Hz oscillatory activity in the globus pallidus internus during myoclonic episodes and an increase of 5–7 Hz activity in dystonic muscles when compared to other ...
Hypertonia is a term sometimes used synonymously with spasticity and rigidity in the literature surrounding damage to the central nervous system, namely upper motor neuron lesions. [1] Impaired ability of damaged motor neurons to regulate descending pathways gives rise to disordered spinal reflexes , increased excitability of muscle spindles ...
The cause of spasticity is thought to be where an imbalance occurs in the excitatory and inhibitory input to α motor neurons caused by damage to the spinal cord and/or central nervous system. The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles, leading to increased excitability in muscles.
Medications are commonly used for movement disorders, but research has not shown functional benefit for some drugs. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Some studies have shown that medications have been effective in decreasing spasticity, but that this has not been accompanied by functional benefits.
In some cases, surgery to alleviate the injury to the area may slow or stop further damage. As motor function degenerates, muscle spasticity and atrophy may occur. Medications such as NSAIDs and gabapentinoids may be prescribed to reduce swelling of the spinal cord, pain, and spasticity. [9]
Media branch block and radio-frequency ablation – diagnosis and alleviation of pain from specific medial branches of the spinal nerve upon administering anaesthetics in the cervical region of interest to locate the area for treatment. A non-curative radio-frequency ablation treatment is applied to damage the nerves causing the pain in the ...
The spasms can also affect the facial muscles, resulting in an appearance called risus sardonicus. Chest, neck, back, abdominal muscles, and buttocks may be affected. Back muscle spasms often cause arching, called opisthotonus. Sometimes, the spasms affect muscles utilized during inhalation and exhalation, which can lead to breathing problems. [10]
The causes of hyperreflexia are not known. [citation needed] Hyperreflexia also has many other causes, including the side effects of drugs (e.g., stimulants), hyperthyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, serotonin syndrome, severe brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, Reye syndrome, and pre-eclampsia. [citation needed]
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