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T-tubule structure and function are affected beat-by-beat by cardiomyocyte contraction, [2] as well as by diseases, potentially contributing to heart failure and arrhythmias. Although these structures were first seen in 1897, research into T-tubule biology is ongoing.
In the histology of skeletal muscle, a triad is the structure formed by a T tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) known as the terminal cisterna on either side. [1] Each skeletal muscle fiber has many thousands of triads, visible in muscle fibers that have been sectioned longitudinally. (This property holds because T tubules run ...
Telethonin, also known as Tcap, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCAP gene. [5] [6] [7] Telethonin is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle at Z-discs and functions to regulate sarcomere assembly, T-tubule function and apoptosis.
A T-tubule surrounded by two terminal cisternae is called a triad. The terminal cisternae, along with the transverse tubules, are the mechanisms of transduction from a nervous impulse to an actual muscle contraction .
Because the structural organization of the myocyte is very complex and specific, changes to their arrangement and/ or function can cause cardiac illnesses or defects. For example, a leading cause of heart failure can be attributed to the lack of t- tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum junctions or a decreased distance between the structures. [6]
The functions of T-tubules include rapidly transmitting electrical impulses known as action potentials from the cell surface to the cell's core, and helping to regulate the concentration of calcium within the cell in a process known as excitation-contraction coupling. [9]
These are known as transverse-tubules (t-tubules), which are also found in skeletal muscle cells and allow for the action potential to travel into the centre of the cell. [7] Special proteins called L-type calcium channels (also known as dihydropyridine receptors (DHPR)) are located on the t-tubule membrane and are activated by the action ...
In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule (T tubule). T tubules are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium, causing a muscle contraction. Together, two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a triad. [58]