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Arctic warming negatively affects the foraging and breeding ecology of native Arctic mammals, such as Arctic foxes or Arctic reindeer. [91] In July 2019, 200 Svalbard reindeer were found starved to death apparently due to low precipitation related to climate change. [92] This was only one episode in the long-term decline of the species.
The Discovery of Global Warming: Global warming: history of scientific discoveries: Spencer R. Weart: 2003: Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming: Reference, scholarly work, list of solutions with estimated impact and costs Paul Hawken: 2017 ISBN 978-0-143-13044-4: Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet
Kaufman et al. 2009 "Recent warming reverses long-term arctic cooling". Tingley & Huybers 2010a "A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time". Christiansen & Ljungqvist 2011 "Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method that Preserves Low-Frequency Variability".
500 million years of climate change Ice core data for the past 400,000 years, with the present at right. Note length of glacial cycles averages ~100,000 years. Blue curve is temperature, green curve is CO 2, and red curve is windblown glacial dust (loess). Scale: Millions of years before present, earlier dates approximate.
According to IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, in the last 170 years, humans have caused the global temperature to increase to the highest level in the last 2,000 years. The current multi-century period is the warmest in the past 100,000 years. [3] The temperature in the years 2011-2020 was 1.09 °C higher than in 1859–1890.
Arctic Warming Overtakes 2,000 Years of Natural Cooling, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 3 September 2009, archived from the original on 27 April 2011 Bello, D. (4 September 2009), "Global Warming Reverses Long-Term Arctic Cooling" , Scientific American , retrieved 19 May 2011 .
Generally, stadials endure for a thousand years or less and interstadials for less than ten thousand years, and interglacials last for more than ten thousand and glacials for about one hundred thousand. For a period to be considered an interglacial, it changes from Arctic through sub-Arctic to boreal to temperate conditions and back again.
While ice-free summers are expected to be rare at 1.5 °C degrees of warming, they are set to occur once every three to ten years at a warming level of 2 °C. [199] Higher atmospheric CO 2 concentrations cause more CO 2 to dissolve in the oceans, which is making them more acidic. [200]