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Frontispiece of the De agricultura in the vernacular edition of Matteo Capcasa, printed in Venice in 1495.jpg Part of the Crescenzi calendar. Pietro de' Crescenzi (c. 1230/35 – c. 1320), Latin: 'Petrus de Crescentiis', was a Bolognese jurist, [1] now remembered for his writings on horticulture and agriculture, the Ruralia commoda. [2]
In the countryside, Crescentii castles concentrated a cluster of population that depended on them for their defense and were dependable armed members of the Crescentii clientage. After Sergius IV's death (1012), the Crescentii simply installed their candidate, Gregory, in the Lateran, without the assent of the cardinals. A struggle flared ...
[3] In February 998, Otto III returned to Rome with Pope Gregory V and took possession of the city without much difficulty. The antipope sought safety in flight, while Crescentius shut himself up in Castel Sant'Angelo in Rome. John XVI was soon captured by the emissaries of the emperor; his nose and ears were cut off, his eyes and tongue were ...
Several scholars attribute all the poems in the later anthology Kalithokai to one poet, possibly Nallanthuvanār, and believe that they were erroneously assigned to five poets (Pālai to Pālai Pādiya Perunkadunkō, Kurinji to Kapilar, Marutham to Maruthan Ilanākanār, Mullai to Chōlan Nalluruthiran, and Neythal to Nallanthuvanār) due to ...
The poems of this collection differ from the earlier works of the Eighteen Greater Texts (Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku), which are the oldest surviving Tamil poetry, in that the poems are written in the venpa meter and are relatively short in length. Naladiyar, having sung by 400 poets, is the only anthology in this collection.
Venpa or Venba (வெண்பா in Tamil) is a form of classical Tamil poetry. Classical Tamil poetry has been classified based upon the rules of metric prosody. [1] Such rules form a context-free grammar. Every venba consists of between two and twelve lines.
He suggests "Ten Lays" as the more apt title. [3] Five of these ten ancient poems are lyrical, narrative bardic guides (arruppatai) by which poets directed other bards to the patrons of arts such as kings and chieftains. [4] The others are guides to religious devotion (Murugan) and to major towns, sometimes mixed with akam- or puram-genre ...
Poems 267 and 268 are lost, and some of the poems exist only in fragments. The author of 14 poems remains unknown. The remaining poems were written by 157 poets. [16] Of the poets who wrote these poems, there are men and women, kings and paupers. The oldest book of annotations found so far has annotations and commentary on the first 266 poems.