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Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
The first research of smoking in Sweden was performed in 1946; it showed that 50% of men, and 9% of women were smokers. In 1977 41% of men and 32% of women were smokers. [46] By 2011, the use of smoking tobacco on a daily basis had decreased to only 12.5% among men and 14.3% among women.
Smoking in the Americas probably had its origins in the incense-burning ceremonies of shamans but was later adopted for pleasure or as a social tool. [22] The smoking of tobacco and various hallucinogenic drugs was used to achieve trances and to come into contact with the spirit world. [23] Also, to stimulate respiration, tobacco-smoke enemas ...
Although women are not mainly the ones to smoke, they are still exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). When among men who smoke, the risks of passive smoking increase for women whether they are at home or at work. Smoking and second-hand smoke not only affects the female body but has detrimental results on the health of their children.
Blood glucose monitoring is the use of a glucose meter for testing the concentration of glucose in the blood . Particularly important in diabetes management , a blood glucose test is typically performed by piercing the skin (typically, via fingerstick ) to draw blood, then applying the blood to a chemically active disposable 'test-strip'.