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Cells that are forced to overexpress AKT increase the amount of CREB and proliferation compared to wild type cells. These cells also express less glial and neural cell markers such as GFAP or β-tubulin. [2] This is because CREB is a transcription factor that influences the transcription of cyclin A which promotes proliferation. [2]
Neural stem cell proliferation declines as a consequence of aging. [9] Various approaches have been taken to counteract this age-related decline. [10] Because FOX proteins regulate neural stem cell homeostasis, [11] FOX proteins have been used to protect neural stem cells by inhibiting Wnt signaling. [12]
Quiescence refers to a reversible G 0 state where subpopulations of cells reside in a 'quiescent' state before entering the cell cycle after activation in response to extrinsic signals. Quiescent cells are often identified by low RNA content, lack of cell proliferation markers, and increased label retention indicating low cell turnover.
Most of these adult neural stem cells lie dormant in the adult, but in response to certain signals, these dormant cells, or B cells, go through a series of stages, first producing proliferating cells, or C cells. The C cells then produce neuroblasts, or A cells, that will become neurons. [16]
A stem cell possesses two properties: . Self-renewal is the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while still maintaining its undifferentiated state. Stem cells can replicate several times and can result in the formation of two stem cells, one stem cell more differentiated than the other, or two differentiated cells.
Neural stem cell niches are divided in two : the Subependymal zone (SEZ) and the Subgranular zone (SGZ). The SEZ is a thin area beneath the ependymal cell layer that contains three types of neural stem cells : infrequently dividing neural stem cells (NSCs), rapidly dividing transit amplifying precursors (TaPs) and neuroblasts (NBs).
Sonic hedgehog has been shown to promote the proliferation of adult stem cells from various tissues, including primitive hematopoietic cells, [32] mammary [33] and neural [34] stem cells. Activation of the hedgehog pathway is required for transition of the hair follicle from the resting to the growth phase. [ 35 ]
A neural progenitor cell is distinct from a neural stem cell since it is incapable of continuous self-renewal and usually has the capacity to give rise to only one class of differentiated progeny. They are tripotent cells which can give rise to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
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