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In mathematics and mathematical physics, raising and lowering indices are operations on tensors which change their type. Raising and lowering indices are a form of index manipulation in tensor expressions.
A vector treated as an array of numbers by writing as a row vector or column vector (whichever is used depends on convenience or context): = (), = Index notation allows indication of the elements of the array by simply writing a i, where the index i is known to run from 1 to n, because of n-dimensions. [1]
The index of a vector field is an integer that helps describe its behaviour around an isolated zero (i.e., an isolated singularity of the field). In the plane, the index takes the value −1 at a saddle singularity but +1 at a source or sink singularity. Let n be the dimension of the manifold on which the vector field is defined. Take a closed ...
Only in dimension d = 2 can one construct entities where (−1) 2S is replaced by an arbitrary complex number with magnitude 1, called anyons. In relativistic quantum mechanics, spin statistic theorem can prove that under certain set of assumptions that the integer spins particles are classified as bosons and half spin particles are classified ...
[2] [3] Applying the canonical pairing to the kth V factor and the lth V ∗ factor, and using the identity on all other factors, defines the (k, l) contraction operation, which is a linear map that yields a tensor of type (m − 1, n − 1). [2] By analogy with the (1, 1) case, the general contraction operation is sometimes called the trace.
kilogram meter squared (kg⋅m 2) intensity: watt per square meter (W/m 2) imaginary unit: unitless electric current: ampere (A) ^ Cartesian x-axis basis unit vector unitless current density: ampere per square meter (A/m 2) impulse: kilogram meter per second (kg⋅m/s)
In mathematics, the winding number or winding index of a closed curve in the plane around a given point is an integer representing the total number of times that the curve travels counterclockwise around the point, i.e., the curve's number of turns. For certain open plane curves, the number of turns may be a non-integer.
The form comes with two worksheets, one to calculate exemptions, and another to calculate the effects of other income (second job, spouse's job). The bottom number in each worksheet is used to fill out two if the lines in the main W4 form. The main form is filed with the employer, and the worksheets are discarded or held by the employee.