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Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum.The word is from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kryptos) 'hidden' and ὄρχις (orchis) 'testicle'.
One testicle not descending into the scrotum during normal embryonic or fetal development (3–4% of 'normal' live births), also known as undescended testis or cryptorchidism. In this case the testis is within the abdominal cavity, somewhere along the normal route of descent – most commonly, within the inguinal canal.
Diagnosing undescended testicles involves a physical examination. If the testis cannot be felt, it is categorized as "non-palpable." Generally, there are three underlying reasons for nonpalpable testicles: The testis is in the inguinal canal but cannot be palpated for specific reasons. The testis is situated inside the abdomen.
The undescended testis is at increased risk of testicular torsion. [17] The mechanism for torsion in the undescended testicle is not fully understood, though it may be due to abnormal contractions of the cremaster muscle, which covers the testicle and spermatic cord and is responsible for raising and lowering the testicle to regulate scrotal ...
Lack of testicle development in men (size < 4 ml, whereas the normal range is between 12 and 25 ml). [2] Primary amenorrhoea (failure to start menstruation). [8] Poorly defined secondary sexual characteristics. [3] Micropenis in 5-10% of male cases. [2] Cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) at birth. [2] Low levels of the gonadotropins LH and ...
Normally the testes begin its descent through the inguinal canal to the scrotum at 36 weeks’ of gestation and completed at birth. Failure in the course of testes descent will result in undescended testes (Cryptorchidism). Undescended testis is found in 4% of full-term infants but only 0.8% of males at the age of 1 year have true cryptorchidism.
The internal reproductive structures (vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, epididymides and ejaculatory ducts) are normal but testes are usually undescended and prostate hypoplasia is common. Males with the same mutations in SRD5A2 can have different phenotypes suggesting additional factors that are involved in clinical presentation.
The lower part persists as the gubernaculum testis ("scrotal ligament"). This ligament secures the testis to the most inferior portion of the scrotum, tethering it in place and limiting the degree to which the testis can move within the scrotum. Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) are observed in INSL3-null male mice.