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Butanol (also called butyl alcohol) is a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C 4 H 9 O H, which occurs in five isomeric structures (four structural isomers), from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol; [1] all are a butyl or isobutyl group linked to a hydroxyl group (sometimes represented as BuOH, sec-BuOH, i-BuOH, and t-BuOH).
Like other butanols, butan-2-ol has low acute toxicity. The LD 50 is 4400 mg/kg (rat, oral). [6]Several explosions have been reported [7] [8] [9] during the conventional distillation of 2-butanol, apparently due to the buildup of peroxides with the boiling point higher than that of pure alcohol (and therefore concentrating in the still pot during distillation).
The original 1899 publication concerned the conversion of n-butanol to 2-ethylhexanol. [2] 2-ethylhexanol is however more easily prepared by alternative methods (from butyraldehyde by aldol condensation). Instead, the Guerbet reaction is mainly applied to fatty alcohols to afford oily products, which are called Guerbet alcohols. They are of ...
CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CHO → CH 3 CH=CHCHO + H 2 O. Hydrogenation of 3-hydroxybutanal gives 1,3-butanediol: CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CHO + H 2 → CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 2 OH. This diol is a precursor to 1,3-butadiene, precursor to diverse polymers. Polymerization of 3-hydroxybutanal is also spontaneous, but can be stopped with the addition of water.
4-Hydroxynonenal, or 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal or 4-HNE or HNE, (C 9 H 16 O 2), is an α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal that is produced by lipid peroxidation in cells. 4-HNE is the primary α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal formed in this process. It is a colorless oil.
4-Hydroxy-TEMPO or TEMPOL, formally 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, is a heterocyclic compound. Like the related TEMPO , it is used as a catalyst and chemical oxidant by virtue of being a stable aminoxyl radical .
Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate) is a chemical compound composed of four sterically hindered phenols linked through a pentaerythritol core. It is used as primary antioxidant for stabilizing polymers , particularly polyethylene and polypropylene .
Sugar alcohols can be, and often are, produced from renewable resources.Particular feedstocks are starch, cellulose and hemicellulose; the main conversion technologies use H 2 as the reagent: hydrogenolysis, i.e. the cleavage of C−O single bonds, converting polymers to smaller molecules, and hydrogenation of C=O double bonds, converting sugars to sugar alcohols.