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Like approximate entropy (ApEn), Sample entropy (SampEn) is a measure of complexity. [1] But it does not include self-similar patterns as ApEn does. For a given embedding dimension, tolerance and number of data points, SampEn is the negative natural logarithm of the probability that if two sets of simultaneous data points of length have distance < then two sets of simultaneous data points of ...
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
The enclosed text becomes a string literal, which Python usually ignores (except when it is the first statement in the body of a module, class or function; see docstring). Elixir The above trick used in Python also works in Elixir, but the compiler will throw a warning if it spots this.
If control exits the function without a return value having been explicitly specified, the function returns the default value for the return type. Sub Main(««ByVal »args() As String») instructions End Subor Function Main(««ByVal »args() As String») As Integer instructions End Function: Xojo: Python: foo(«parameters») def foo ...
IRLS is used to find the maximum likelihood estimates of a generalized linear model, and in robust regression to find an M-estimator, as a way of mitigating the influence of outliers in an otherwise normally-distributed data set, for example, by minimizing the least absolute errors rather than the least square errors.
S-PLUS 4 was released for Windows in 1997, with features such as an updated GUI, integration with Excel, and editable graphics. S-PLUS 4.5 for Windows in 1998, with Scatterplot brushing, and the ability to create S-PLUS graphs from within Excel & SPSS. The software also became available for Linux & Solaris.
For example, in n z with z = i, tetration is achieved by using the principal branch of the natural logarithm; using Euler's formula we get the relation: i a + b i = e 1 2 π i ( a + b i ) = e − 1 2 π b ( cos π a 2 + i sin π a 2 ) {\displaystyle i^{a+bi}=e^{{\frac {1}{2}}{\pi i}(a+bi)}=e^{-{\frac {1}{2}}{\pi b}}\left(\cos {\frac ...
Sometimes values are reported without the normalizing denominator, for example 0.067 = 1.73/26 for English; such values may be called κ p ("kappa-plaintext") rather than IC, with κ r ("kappa-random") used to denote the denominator 1/c (which is the expected coincidence rate for a uniform distribution of the same alphabet, 0.0385=1/26 for ...