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Flat roof in Los Angeles. Flat roof in Warszawa Centralna railway station in Poland (1975) A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up to approximately 10°. [1] Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates and ...
Drainage gradient (DG) is a term in road design, defined as the combined slope due to road surface cross slope (CS) and longitudinal slope (hilliness). Although the term may not be used, the concept is also used in roof design and landscape architecture. If the drainage gradient is too low, rain and melt water drainage will be insufficient.
Purpose. The purpose of a leader head is to help transfer excess water from the roof onto downspouts, thus preventing the gutters from overflowing and water washing over the walls, which is a common occurrence in areas susceptible to heavy rain cycles. The use of leader heads also offers other benefits to the drainage system.
The water drains into a gutter that is fed into a downpipe. A flat roof should have a watertight surface with a minimum finished fall of 1 in 80. They can drain internally or to an eaves gutter, which has a minimum 1 in 360 fall towards the downpipe. [7] The pitch of a pitched roof is determined by the construction material of the covering. For ...
Earth shelter. An earth shelter, also called an earth house, earth bermed house, or underground house, is a structure (usually a house) with earth (soil) against the walls, on the roof, or that is entirely buried underground. Earth acts as thermal mass, making it easier to maintain a steady indoor air temperature and therefore reduces energy ...
Some widely used Standards in the United States are: [citation needed] ASME A112.6.3 – Floor and Trench Drains; ASME A112.6.4 – Roof, Deck, and Balcony Drains; ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 – Plumbing Supply Fittings; ASME A112.19.1/CSA B45.2 – Enameled Cast Iron and Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures; ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1 – Ceramic ...
Waterproofing is the process of making an object, person or structure waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths. Water-resistant and waterproof often refer to resistance ...
Technical drawings. Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed. Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering. To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspectives ...