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The Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) measures resistance during passive soft-tissue stretching and is used as a simple measure of spasticity. [1] Scoring (taken from Bohannon and Smith, 1987): 0: No increase in muscle tone
Plantigrade foot occurs normally in humans in static postures of standing and sitting. It should also occur normally in gait (walking). Hypertonicity , spasticity , clonus , limited range of motion, abnormal flexion neural pattern, and a plantar flexor (calf) muscle contracture, as well as some forms of footwear such as high heeled shoes may ...
Of those births, about 20–30% have spastic hemiplegia. Overall, spasticity is the more common type of cerebral palsy and non-spastic cerebral palsy is less common. Studies show that spastic cerebral palsy is on the rise and the occurrence of the diplegia type is decreasing. The occurrence of cerebral palsy is higher in areas of low socio ...
A unilateral spastic gait presents with the affected leg held in extension and plantar flexion.The arm on the same side is often flexed. The individual circumducts the affected leg as they swing it during walking.
It primarily involves the antigravity muscles – flexors of the upper limb and extensors of the lower limb. During the passive stretch, a brief "free interval" is appreciated in spasticity but not in rigidity because the resting muscle is electromyographically silent in spasticity. In contrast, in rigidity, the resting muscle shows firing. [10]
Hypertonia is a term sometimes used synonymously with spasticity and rigidity in the literature surrounding damage to the central nervous system, namely upper motor neuron lesions. [1] Impaired ability of damaged motor neurons to regulate descending pathways gives rise to disordered spinal reflexes , increased excitability of muscle spindles ...
The Hubscher maneuver (or Jack's test) is a method of evaluating the flexibility of a pes planus or flat foot type. The test is performed with the patient weight bearing, with the foot flat on the ground, while the clinician dorsiflexes the hallux and watches for an increasing concavity of the Arches of the foot. A positive result (arch ...
There is also a period of time within the gait cycle where both feet are simultaneously in contact with the ground. [2] When a foot is lifted off the ground, that limb is in the "swing phase" of gait. When a foot is in contact with the ground, that limb is in the "stance phase" of gait.