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  2. Expected value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value

    When "E" is used to denote "expected value", authors use a variety of stylizations: the expectation operator can be stylized as E (upright), E (italic), or (in blackboard bold), while a variety of bracket notations (such as E(X), E[X], and EX) are all used. Another popular notation is μ X.

  3. Exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function

    Exponential functions with bases 2 and 1/2. In mathematics, the exponential function is the unique real function which maps zero to one and has a derivative equal to its value. . The exponential of a variable ⁠ ⁠ is denoted ⁠ ⁡ ⁠ or ⁠ ⁠, with the two notations used interchangeab

  4. List of representations of e - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_representations_of_e

    This last non-simple continued fraction (sequence A110185 in the OEIS), equivalent to = [;,,,,,...], has a quicker convergence rate compared to Euler's continued fraction formula [clarification needed] and is a special case of a general formula for the exponential function:

  5. Characterizations of the exponential function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characterizations_of_the...

    In mathematics, the exponential function can be characterized in many ways. This article presents some common characterizations, discusses why each makes sense, and proves that they are all equivalent. The exponential function occurs naturally in many branches of mathematics. Walter Rudin called it "the most important function in mathematics". [1]

  6. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

    Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". [2] When x = π, Euler's formula may be rewritten as e iπ + 1 = 0 or e iπ = −1, which is known as Euler's identity.

  7. Hat notation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_notation

    In statistics, a circumflex (ˆ), called a "hat", is used to denote an estimator or an estimated value. [1] For example, in the context of errors and residuals , the "hat" over the letter ε ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}} indicates an observable estimate (the residuals) of an unobservable quantity called ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon ...

  8. e (mathematical constant) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)

    The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .

  9. Conditional expectation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_expectation

    The conditional expectation is often approximated in applied mathematics and statistics due to the difficulties in analytically calculating it, and for interpolation. [ 7 ] The Hilbert subspace