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A NASA illustration of a lateral flow assay. A lateral flow test (LFT), [1] is an assay also known as a lateral flow immunochromatographic test (ICT), or rapid test.It is a simple device intended to detect the presence of a target substance in a liquid sample without the need for specialized and costly equipment.
The exogenous pathway is utilized by specialized antigen-presenting cells to present peptides derived from proteins that the cell has endocytosed. The peptides are presented on MHC class II molecules. Proteins are endocytosed and degraded by acid-dependent proteases in endosomes; this process takes about an hour. [1]
The vacuolar pathway is initiated through the endocytosis of an extracellular antigen by a dendritic cell. [6] Endocytosis results in the formation of a phagocytic vesicle, where an increasingly acidic environment along with the activation of enzymes such as lysosomal proteases triggers the degradation of antigen into peptides.
Antigen presentation is a vital immune process that is essential for T cell immune response triggering. Because T cells recognize only fragmented antigens displayed on cell surfaces, antigen processing must occur before the antigen fragment can be recognized by a T-cell receptor.
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain also known as HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain or CD74 (Cluster of Differentiation 74), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD74 gene. [5] [6] The invariant chain (Abbreviated Ii) is a polypeptide which plays a critical role in antigen presentation.
The at-home tests typically provide results within 30 minutes or less and can be administered to vaccinated and unvaccinated people. Many COVID-19 tests now have extended expiration dates.
Windows 7 Professional and up support up to 2 physical processors (CPU sockets), [131] whereas Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium editions support only 1. [132] Physical processors with either multiple cores, or hyper-threading , or both, implement more than one logical processor per physical processor.
[107] [108] [109] The 'Ellume COVID-19 Home Test' is a rapid, lateral flow antigen test, a type of test that runs a liquid sample along a surface with reactive molecules. [107] The test detects fragments of proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from a nasal swab sample from any individual two years of age or older. [ 107 ]