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Ewing sarcoma occurs about 10- to 20-fold more commonly in people of European descent compared to people of African descent. [49] [10] Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer in children and adolescents, with poor prognosis and outcome in ~70% of initial diagnoses and 10–15% of relapses. [50]
Ewing’s sarcoma of bone is the most common of the EFTs and tends to occur in the trunk and long bones. The cancer most often occurs in the shaft, or diaphysis, of bones, as compared to other common bone cancers. The most common presenting symptom is pain in the bone, and the initial diagnostic step is imaging, often both MRI and radiograph.
It accounts for around 12% of cases of Ewing sarcoma. [1] It is 10 times less common than Ewing sarcoma of bone and occurs in around 1.4 per million people, with a greater likelihood in under five-year olds and over 35-year olds. [2] There does not appear to be any association with ethnicity or gender. [2]
This is in contrast to most bone cancers that are secondary having developed as a metastasis from another cancer. Bone sarcomas are rare, and mostly affect the legs. The other type of sarcoma is a soft-tissue sarcoma. There are three main types of bone sarcoma based on tissue type – an osteosarcoma, a Ewing's sarcoma, and a chondrosarcoma. [1]
Bone metastasis, or osseous metastatic disease, is a category of cancer metastases that result from primary tumor invasions into bones.Bone-originating primary tumors such as osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma are rare; the most common bone tumor is a metastasis. [1]
For some types of cancer, young adults may have better outcomes if treated with pediatric, rather than adult, treatment regimens. Young adults who have a cancer that typically occurs in children and adolescents, such as brain tumors, leukemia, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma, may fare better if treated by a pediatric oncologist.
The two most common forms of bone cancer are Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma. [9] They are highly aggressive pediatric tumours. Ewing sarcoma form in bones or soft tissue, whereas osteosarcoma makes weakened bones at the end of longer ones. [10] There are multiple other bone cancers that are more rare:
Surgery is the most common form of the treatment for most sarcomas that have not spread to other parts of the body, and for most sarcomas, surgery is the only curative treatment. [3] [19] Limb-sparing surgery, as opposed to amputation, can now be used to save the limbs of patients in at least 90% of extremity (arm or leg) sarcoma cases. [19]