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The physical symbol system hypothesis claims that both of the following are also examples of physical symbol systems: Intelligent human thought: the symbols are encoded in our brains. The expressions are thoughts. The processes are the mental operations of thinking. English language: the symbols are words. The expressions are sentences.
Simon told a graduate class in January 1956, "Over Christmas, Al Newell and I invented a thinking machine," [19] [20] and would write: [We] invented a computer program capable of thinking non-numerically, and thereby solved the venerable mind-body problem, explaining how a system composed of matter can have the properties of mind. [21]
Newell's work culminated in the development of a cognitive architecture known as Soar and his unified theory of cognition, published in 1990, but their improvement was the objective of his efforts up to his death (one of the last Newell's letters Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine). The field of cognitive architectures, that he ...
Unified Theories of Cognition is a 1990 book by Allen Newell. [1] Newell argues for the need of a set of general assumptions for cognitive models that account for all of cognition: a unified theory of cognition, or cognitive architecture.
Simon argued that the two outcomes of a choice require monitoring and that many members of the organization would be expected to focus on adequacy, but that administrative management must pay particular attention to the efficiency with which the desired result was obtained.
The MEA technique as a problem-solving strategy was first introduced in 1961 by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon in their computer problem-solving program General Problem Solver (GPS). [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In that implementation, the correspondence between differences and actions, also called operators , is provided a priori as knowledge in the system.
General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. In contrast to the former Logic Theorist project, the GPS works with means–ends analysis .
The Sciences of the Artificial (1969) by Herbert A. Simon. Human Problem Solving (1972) by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon. Bayesian Analysis and Uncertainty in Economic Theory (1987) by Richard M. Cyert and Morris H. DeGroot. Models of Business Cycles (1987) by Robert E. Lucas, jr. Decisions and Organizations (1989) by James G. March.