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Macaulay's notation is commonly used in the static analysis of bending moments of a beam. This is useful because shear forces applied on a member render the shear and moment diagram discontinuous.
In mathematics, Gaussian brackets are a special notation invented by Carl Friedrich Gauss to represent the convergents of a simple continued fraction in the form of a simple fraction. Gauss used this notation in the context of finding solutions of the indeterminate equations of the form a x = b y ± 1 {\displaystyle ax=by\pm 1} .
The notation uses angle brackets, and , and a vertical bar |, to construct "bras" and "kets". A ket is of the form | v {\displaystyle |v\rangle } . Mathematically it denotes a vector , v {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {v}}} , in an abstract (complex) vector space V {\displaystyle V} , and physically it represents a state of some quantum system.
GPOPS-II [3] is designed to solve multiple-phase optimal control problems of the following mathematical form (where is the number of phases): = ((), …, ()) subject to the dynamic constraints
In numerical analysis, fixed-point iteration is a method of computing fixed points of a function.. More specifically, given a function defined on the real numbers with real values and given a point in the domain of , the fixed-point iteration is + = (), =,,, … which gives rise to the sequence,,, … of iterated function applications , (), (()), … which is hoped to converge to a point .
Singularity functions are a class of discontinuous functions that contain singularities, i.e., they are discontinuous at their singular points.Singularity functions have been heavily studied in the field of mathematics under the alternative names of generalized functions and distribution theory.
Since the Dirac bracket respects the constraints, one need not be careful about evaluating all brackets before using any weak equations, as is the case with the Poisson bracket. Note that while the Poisson bracket of bosonic (Grassmann even) variables with itself must vanish, the Poisson bracket of fermions represented as a Grassmann variables ...
[5] [6] (Iverson used square brackets for a different purpose, the Iverson bracket notation.) Both notations are now used in mathematics, although Iverson's notation will be followed in this article. In some sources, boldface or double brackets x are used for floor, and reversed brackets x or ]x[for ceiling. [7] [8]