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Pigeon toe, also known as in-toeing, is a condition which causes the toes to point inward when walking.It is most common in infants and children under two years of age [1] and, when not the result of simple muscle weakness, [2] normally arises from underlying conditions, such as a twisted shin bone or an excessive anteversion (femoral head is more than 15° from the angle of torsion) resulting ...
The symptoms (split foot and ulnar hypoplasia) of the syndrome can be observed from birth. [1] During diagnosis, a doctor may try to rule out other possible diseases or refer the patient to a specialist. [1] Genetic counseling can be done for individuals with the syndrome who are planning on having children. [2]
The etiology may be congenital and idiopathic, posttraumatic, postinfection, iatrogenic, or secondary to a systemic disease such as cancer, sickle cell disease, pseudohyperparathyroidism, Turner's syndrome, Down syndrome, Apert syndrome, athyroidism, or osteodystrophy. [2] It most frequently involves the fourth metatarsal.
The fracture typically occurs when the toes are pointed and the foot bends inwards. [6] [2] This movement may occur when changing direction while the heel is off the ground such in dancing, tennis, or basketball. [9] [10] Diagnosis is generally suspected based on symptoms and confirmed with X-rays. [3]
Accurate diagnosis of Freiberg disease typically involves a combination of clinical examination and imaging studies: Physical examination: Assessment of pain, swelling, and range of motion in the affected foot. Radiography: X-rays may reveal flattening, sclerosis, or fragmentation of the metatarsal head.
X-ray of the foot of an 11-year-old child, showing sclerosis and fragmentation of the calcaneal apophysis. This is a sign of low sensitivity and specificity of Sever's disease, because those with Sever's disease may not have it, and this appearance is also present in feet without pain.
The dorsal surface of the toes, the heels, and the fingertips are other occasionally afflicted locations. The spared web gaps between the toes is a defining trait of juvenile plantar dermatosis. The symptoms of a lesion are bright, red, dry spots. Scaling and fissuring may be visible in chronic situations. [4]
Symbrachydactyly is a congenital abnormality, characterized by limb anomalies consisting of brachydactyly, cutaneous syndactyly and global hypoplasia of the hand or foot. [1] In many cases, bones will be missing from the fingers and some fingers or toes may be missing altogether.