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The triple helix model of innovation, as theorized by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, is based on the interactions between the three following elements and their associated 'initial role': [9] universities engaging in basic research, industries producing commercial goods and governments that are regulating markets. [2]
Triple-stranded DNA (also known as H-DNA or Triplex-DNA) is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. In triple-stranded DNA, the third strand binds to a B-form DNA (via Watson–Crick base-pairing ) double helix by forming Hoogsteen base pairs or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds.
In a triple-helix model (specifically Pauling and Corey's model), some of the van der Waals distances appear to be too small. The initial double helix model discovered, now termed B-form DNA is by far the most common conformation in cells. [12]
The quadruple and quintuple innovation helix framework was co-developed by Elias G. Carayannis and David F.J. Campbell, with the quadruple helix being described in 2009 [3] [4] and the quintuple helix in 2010. [4] [5] Various authors were exploring the concept of a quadruple helix extension to the triple helix model of innovation around the ...
The thermal stabilization is also hindered when the hydroxyl group has the wrong configuration. Due to the high abundance of glycine and proline contents, collagen fails to form a regular α-helix and β-sheet structure. Three left-handed helical strands twist to form a right-handed triple helix. [5] A collagen triple helix has 3.3 residues per ...
The collagen triple helix is a triple helix formed from three separate protein helices, spiraling around the same axis. In the fields of geometry and biochemistry, a triple helix (pl.: triple helices) is a set of three congruent geometrical helices with the same axis, differing by a translation along the axis. This means that each of the ...
Ten years after James Watson and Francis Crick published their model of the DNA double helix, [2] Karst Hoogsteen reported [3] a crystal structure of a complex in which analogues of A and T formed a base pair that had a different geometry from that described by Watson and Crick. Similarly, an alternative base-pairing geometry can occur for G ...
Pauling then proposed that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was a triple helix; [60] [61] his model contained several basic mistakes, including a proposal of neutral phosphate groups, an idea that conflicted with the acidity of DNA. Sir Lawrence Bragg had been disappointed that Pauling had won the race to find the alpha helix structure of proteins ...