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Political scholar James MacGregor Burns first developed his typology of leadership in his 1978 book Leadership. [2] He built on the work of German sociologist Max Weber's rational-legal model of authority in the context of organizational theory, conceptualizing leadership as a power-imbalanced social contract between leaders and subordinates, each of whom has specific goals that may be shared ...
The initial New Public Management (NPM) reforms implemented in Anglo-Saxon countries inspired reforms across the world. [9] These reforms, which were triggered and motivated by a variety of factors and resulted in the development of various models, led to the emergence of a global NPM trend. [10]
In the 1980s, the New Public Management Theory (NPM) was created to make the civil service more efficient. To do so, it utilized private-sector management models. Giving local agencies more freedom in how they delivered services to citizens, the theory experimented with using decentralized service delivery models.
Private Accounting:** - **Scope:** Involves working within a single organization, handling internal accounting tasks and financial management. - **Services:** Includes managing financial records, budgeting, internal auditing, and financial reporting. - **Clients:** Internal clients, such as different departments within the same organization.
Contract theory in economics began with 1991 Nobel Laureate Ronald H. Coase's 1937 article "The Nature of the Firm". Coase notes that "the longer the duration of a contract regarding the supply of goods or services due to the difficulty of forecasting, then the less likely and less appropriate it is for the buyer to specify what the other party should do."
In the complementary view, MMT explains the "vertical" (government-to-private and vice versa) interactions, while circuit theory is a model of the "horizontal" (private-to-private) interactions. [33] [34] By 2013, MMT had attracted a popular following through academic blogs and other websites. [35]
Public interest theory developed from classical conceptions of representative democracy and the role of government. [4] It presumes confidence in the civil service.According to Max Weber civil servants are to carry out their particular role or task within a strictly ordered and specialized hierarchy.
Agency theory can be subdivided in two categories: (1) In adverse selection models, the agent has private information about their type (say, their costs of exerting effort or their valuation of a good) before the contract is written. (2) In moral hazard models, the agent becomes privately informed after the contract is written.