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In cell biology, there are a multitude of signalling pathways. Cell signalling is part of the molecular biology system that controls and coordinates the actions of cells.. Akt/PKB signalling pathway
In some cases, tumor cells have been found to possess higher levels of enzymes involved in this pathway, resulting in increased production of DHT. [ 81 ] [ 4 ] [ 7 ] Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment for prostate cancer, which involves reducing the levels of androgens, specifically T and DHT, in the body. [ 82 ]
The AR is an important therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Thus many different antiandrogens have been developed, primarily targeting the ligand-binding domain of the protein. [ 71 ] AR ligands can either be classified based on their structure ( steroidal or nonsteroidal ) or based on their ability to activate or inhibit transcription ...
Cell signaling research involves studying the spatial and temporal dynamics of both receptors and the components of signaling pathways that are activated by receptors in various cell types. [55] [56] Emerging methods for single-cell mass-spectrometry analysis promise to enable studying signal transduction with single-cell resolution. [57]
The upstream signaling pathway is triggered by the binding of a signaling molecule, a ligand, to a receiving molecule, a receptor. Receptors and ligands exist in many different forms, and only recognize/bond to particular molecules. Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades. [1]
NKX3-1 is an androgen-regulated, prostate-specific homeobox gene whose expression is predominantly localized to prostate epithelium. It acts as a transcription factor that has critical function in prostate development and tumor suppression. It is a negative regulator of epithelial cell growth in prostate tissue.
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), [5] also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene. [6] [7] [8] mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein ...
The Insulin Signaling Pathway; The Sonic hedgehog Signaling Pathway; The Wnt signaling pathway; The JAK-STAT signaling pathway; The Adrenergic receptor Pathways; The Acetylcholine receptor Pathways; The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade; Conversely, negative cascades include events that are in a circular fashion, or can cause or be ...