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Two other uses for spinosad are for pets and humans. Spinosad has been used in oral preparations (as Comfortis) to treat C. felis, the cat flea, in canines and felines; the optimal dose set for canines is reported to be 30 mg/kg. [5] Spinosad is sold under the brand names, Comfortis, Trifexis, and Natroba.
Pyriproxyfen is a pesticide which is found to be effective against a variety of insects. [3] It was introduced to the US in 1996, to protect cotton crops against whitefly.It has also been found useful for protecting other crops. [4]
Oral lethal dose (mg/kg) Listed chemicals Red label Extremely toxic 1–50 Monocrotophos, zinc phosphide, ethyl mercury acetate, and others. Yellow label Highly toxic 51–500 Endosulfan, carbaryl, [2] quinalphos, [2] and others. Blue label Moderately toxic 501–5000 Malathion, thiram, glyphosate, [2] and others. Green label Slightly toxic > 5000
Up to and including 50 mg/kg From 50 to 500 mg/kg From 500 to 5000 mg/kg Greater than 5000 mg/kg Inhalation LC50 Up to and including 0.2 mg/L From 0.2 to 2 mg/L From 2. to 20 mg/L Greater than 20 mg/L Dermal LD50 Up to and including 200 mg/kg From 200 to 2000 mg/kg From 2000 to 20,000 mg/kg Greater than 20,000 mg/kg Eye Effects
The system is based on LD50 determination in rats, thus an oral solid agent with an LD50 at 5 mg or less/kg bodyweight is Class Ia, at 5–50 mg/kg is Class Ib, LD50 at 50–2000 mg/kg is Class II, and at LD50 at the concentration more than 2000 mg/kg is classified as Class III. Values may differ for liquid oral agents and dermal agents. [1]
Spinetoram (marketed as Cheristin in its topical veterinary dosage-form) is an insecticidal mixture of two active neurotoxic constituents of Saccharopolyspora spinosa. [1] It is used to control pest insects in stored grain [2] and on domestic cats. [3]
For example, the EPA set an acute RfD for children of 0.0015 mg/kg/day for the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan, based on neurological effects observed in test animals. The EPA then looked at dietary exposure to endosulfan, and found that for the most exposed 0.1 % of children age 1–6, their daily consumption of the endosulfan exceeded ...
Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole insecticide class. [3] Fipronil disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking the ligand-gated ion channel of the GABA A receptor (IRAC group 2B) and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects' nerves and muscles.