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2. Gaussian blur - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_blur

   The difference between a small and large Gaussian blur. In image processing, a Gaussian blur (also known as Gaussian smoothing) is the result of blurring an image by a Gaussian function (named after mathematician and scientist Carl Friedrich Gauss). It is a widely used effect in graphics software, typically to reduce image noise and

3. Bokeh - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh

   From left to right: an original photo with no bokeh or blur; the same photo with synthetic bokeh effect applied to its background; the same photo with Gaussian blur applied to its background. Bokeh can be simulated by convolving the image with a kernel that corresponds to the image of an out-of-focus point source taken with a real camera.

4. Neutral-density filter - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral-density_filter

   A demonstration of the effect of a neutral density filter. Note that the photograph was exposed for the view through the filter, and thus the remainder of the scene is overexposed. If the exposure had instead been set for the unfiltered background, it would appear properly exposed while the view through the filter would be dark. A set of ND filters

5. Miniature faking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_faking

   Miniature faking, also known as diorama effect or diorama illusion, is a process in which a photograph of a life-size location or object is made to look like a photograph of a miniature scale model.

6. Bloom (shader effect) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_(shader_effect)

   Bloom (sometimes referred to as light bloom or glow) is a computer graphics effect used in video games, demos, and high-dynamic-range rendering (HDRR) to reproduce an imaging artifact of real-world cameras. The effect produces fringes (or feathers) of light extending from the borders of bright areas in an image, contributing to the illusion of ...

7. Kernel (image processing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(image_processing)

   In image processing, a kernel, convolution matrix, or mask is a small matrix used for blurring, sharpening, embossing, edge detection, and more.This is accomplished by doing a convolution between the kernel and an image.

8. Unsharp masking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsharp_masking

   The software applies a Gaussian blur to a copy of the original image and then compares it to the original. If the difference is greater than a user-specified threshold setting, the images are (in effect) subtracted. Digital unsharp masking is a flexible and powerful way to increase sharpness, especially in scanned images.

9. Moiré pattern - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiré_pattern

   The moiré effect also occurs between overlapping transparent objects. [5] For example, an invisible phase mask is made of a transparent polymer with a wavy thickness profile. As light shines through two overlaid masks of similar phase patterns, a broad moiré pattern occurs on a screen some distance away.