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He related α to the Eddington number, which was his estimate of the number of protons in the universe. [2] This led him in 1929 to conjecture that α was exactly 1/136. [3] He devised a "proof" that N Edd = 136 × 2 256, or about 1.57 × 10 79. Other physicists did not adopt this conjecture and did not accept his argument.
The number of protons in the observable universe is called the Eddington number. In terms of number of particles, some estimates imply that nearly all the matter, excluding dark matter, occurs in neutrinos, which constitute the majority of the roughly 10 86 elementary particles of matter that exist in the visible universe. [12]
According to the theory of cosmic inflation initially introduced by Alan Guth and D. Kazanas, [23] if it is assumed that inflation began about 10 −37 seconds after the Big Bang and that the pre-inflation size of the universe was approximately equal to the speed of light times its age, that would suggest that at present the entire universe's ...
Another indirect measurement of neutrino decoupling is allowed by the role that neutrino decoupling plays in setting the ratio of neutrons to protons. Before decoupling, the number of neutrons and protons are maintained in their equilibrium abundances by weak interactions, specifically beta decay and electron capture (or inverse beta decay ...
String theory provides a cause for multiple generations, but the particular number depends on the details of the compactification of the D-brane intersections. Additionally, E 8 grand unified theories in 10 dimensions compactified on certain orbifolds down to 4 D naturally contain 3 generations of matter. [ 13 ]
The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole, it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe is composed of protons and neutrons. If one assumes that all of the universe consists of protons and neutrons, the density of the ...
A theory of everything (TOE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory, or master theory is a hypothetical singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all aspects of the universe. [1]: 6 Finding a theory of everything is one of the major unsolved problems in physics. [2 ...
Arthur Eddington argued that the value could be "obtained by pure deduction" and he related it to the Eddington number, his estimate of the number of protons in the universe. [68] This led him in 1929 to conjecture that the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant was not approximately but precisely the integer 137. [69]